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1989-12-31
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A SURVEY OF UFOLOGISTS AND THEIR BELIEFS IN UNEXPLAINED PHENOMENA
by Donald A. Johnson, Ph.D.
P.O. Box 161, Kirkland, WA 98083-0161
MUFON Consultant in Research Psychology
In order to learn what beliefs UFOlogists hold about
paranormal phenomena--particularly parapsychological phenomena--and
to determine whether a relationship exists between witnessing UFO
events and belief in psychic abilities, I conducted a small survey
of attendees of the 1983 MUFON Symposium, held in Pasadena,
California. This report presents the results from that survey.
There were three things I hoped to accomplish by conducting
this survey. The first goal was mainly descriptive: to determine
what pattern of beliefs exists among UFOlogists in the various
paranomal phenomena listed in the questionnaire. I thought it
would be interesting to find out to what degree these beliefs
differ from those held by the general public. The comparison data
was supplied by a survey of 1553 adults conducted by the Gallup
Poll in February 1978. The results were reported by Jeff Sobal and
Charles Emmons in the Zetetic Scholar (1).
The second purpose of the survey was to discover if UFO
witnesses differ significantly from non-witnesses in their beliefs
in unexplained phenomena, and especially to determine whether UFO
witnesses have higher rates of belief in unexplained phenomena.
Such a finding, if replicated, might lead to the conclusion that
UFO witnesses, as a group, have a lower threshold of acceptance for
phenomena not recognized or explained by current scientific
paradigms. It could suggest that they are less skeptical and more
credulous than non-witnesses. Evidence of this kind would tend to
cast doubt on the validity of at least some UFO eyewitness
testimony, because the ability of these observers to distinguish
inexplicable phenomena from everyday events would be called into
question.
The third objective was to test the hypothesis that a
relationship exists between belief in ones own psychic abilities
and the witnessing of UFO phenomena. A correspondence between
belief in psychic ability and witnessing UFO events has been
hypothesized by a number of authors, and some tentative evidence to
support such a relationship was presented by Benton Jamison (2) at
the 1976 C.U.F.O.S. Conference. This relationship, should it
exist, could have a variety of causes. It could be that greater
open-mindedness and perceptiveness on the part of psychic UFO
witnesses allows them to witness possibly paranormal aspects of the
UFO phenomena, it might be that psychic individuals are selected to
witness UFO events, or it could be that so-called "psychics" are
simply more gullible and more easily fooled by misperceived stimuli.
The survey was designed to elicit beliefs about UFOs and other
unexplained phenonena. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed
at the conference, and 70 completed questionnaires were returned,
representing a 35% response rate. However, some of the
participants were allowed to take and keep an extra copy of the
questionnaire, so the actual participation rate may be higher.
Since this is a "convenience" sample and not a true probability
sample of UFO researchers, inferences about the generalizability of
the results are generally not warranted. However, it is my opinion
that the answers provided by the sample probably reflect the views
of a sub-population of those individuals indentified as
"UFOlogists". This group consists of those people with enough
interest in the UFO phenomenon to attend a conference, and with
sufficient interest in the general purposes of this survey to
participate.
The questionnaire consisted of two brief paragraphs describing
the study, three questions on respondent's beliefs regarding the
UFO phenomenon, twelve questions on other unexplained phenomena
drawn from the Gallup Poll survey, four questions on belief in
one's own psychic abilities, and two questions on how often the
respondent had witnessed a UFO. All questionnaires were completed
anonymously. In addition to completing the above mentioned items,
participants were asked to supply information about their age, sex,
race, education, and marital status.
A few survey participants objected to using the term "belief"
to define their opinions about the existence of paranormal
phenomena. While I readily concede that the word is not the best
choice of terms because of the religious connotation associated
with its use, it was necessary to retain the terminology used by
the Gallup Poll to insure comparability with their results. I
don't believe that it interfered with anyone's interpretation of
the meaning of the questions.
Results. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents were male, and
the sample was nearly equally split between married (49%) and
unmarried (51%) individuals. Ninety-one percent listed their
racial or ethnic group as White, while 3% were Hispanic, 3% Black,
and 3% Asian. Two of the Black respondents also indicated they
were part American Indian. Only two of the respondents were
younger than thirty. In general, survey participants tended to be
middle-aged and very well educated, as Table 1 shows. Almost half
(46%) of the respondents had witnessed at least one UFO, and
one-third reported having seen UFOs on more than one occasion.
Table 1
Age and Education of MUFON Respondents
Age Category Percent
18-29 years 3
30-49 years 24
40-49 years 30
50-64 years 28
65 years and over 15
---
100%
Educational level
11 years or less 0
12 years 8
13-15 years 25
16 years 28
17 years or more 39
---
100%
If we assume that the sample of UFOlogists is truely
representative of a larger population, than we can disregard for
the moment the inappropriateness of applying statistical tests to
the results of a "convenience" sample. Concerning the first goal
of the survey, it turns out that UFOlogists can be categorized as
similar to the general public in their beliefs in paranormal
activity, except that they are significantly less likely to believe
in angels, devils, and astrology, and significantly more likely to
believe in evidence for psychic phenomena and the existence of
valid cryptozoologic claims. Table 2 presents the results of the
beliefs questions.
Table 2
Belief in UFOs and Other Unexplained Phenomena by MUFON Sample
Percent of Respondents
No ? Yes
UFOs are real rather than imaginar